Personality Paper Essay Example for Free

Personality Paper Essay Why are some people shy and others are outgoing? Why are some people kind and gentle, while others are hostile and aggressive? The answer to these questions can be found in three of the theories that describe personality. These theories are; psychoanalytic, humanistic, and social cognitive. Founded by Sigmund Freud, psychoanalysis is a theory that â€Å"stresses the influence of unconscious mental processes, the importance of sexual and aggressive instincts, and the enduring effects of early childhood experience on personality.† (Hockenbury 2014) This theory states that a person’s behavior and attitude are a result of past experiences, unconscious thoughts, buried memories, as well as a desire for pleasure. The second theory, based upon the potential that all humans have, is called the humanistic perspective. Rather than focusing on negative personality aspects, humanists think of all people as good and completely self-aware. An important concept to be aware of within this area of self-awareness is passed on to children from their parents. This concept is known as conditional positive regard. Hockenbury (2014) describes this as, â€Å"the sense that the child is valued and loved only when she behaves in a way that is acceptable to others.† While it is important to feel loved and valued, placing limitations on those feelings can be detrimental to a child, as they may end up in denial and never learn how to express their true feelings. The third theory is the social cognitive perspective. This perspective focuses on how conscious thought affects the beliefs and goals that a person has. Hockenbury (2014) paraphrases a leading theorist, Albert Bandura by saying, â€Å"collectively a person’s cognitive skills, abilities and attitudes represent the person’s self-system†¦ it is out self-esteem that guides how we perceive, evaluate, and control our behavior in different situations.† What gives this perspective more credibility is that there is a way to measure its’ success, unlike the other theories. There are two widely known ways to assess personality, Projective testing, and self-report testing. One of the better-known projective tests born from the psychoanalytic approach is the Rorschach inkblot test. This test takes inkblot images and asks the person to describe what they see in that image. Because there is no specific or correct way to score that test,  the answers are subject to the interpretation of whoever is issuing the test. One benefit is that the person taking the test can consciously decide how they want to answer it, and effectively predict the outcome. There are also more structured tests known as self-report inventories, which is a structured question and answer test that rates the findings against a compiled average scoring from others. According to Cherry (n.d.), â€Å"Self-report inventories are often an [sic] good solution when researchers need to administer a large number of tests in relatively short space of time. Many self report inventories can be com pleted very quickly, often in as little as 15 minutes. This type of questionnaire is an affordable option for researchers faced with tight budgets.† Cherry goes on to say, â€Å"results of self report inventories are generally much more reliable and valid than projective tests. Scoring of the tests a standardized and based on norms that have been previously established.† Although there are valid benefits that can come from personality assessments, there are also concerns regarding how truthful the answers may be, and how the answers may convey thought rather than behavior. Flagg (2010) regards these tests as, â€Å"what people think and/or [sic] feel at any given moment. They do not reveal what someone can do.† An example of this would be answering yes to a question regarding a skill in a certain area, though there is no way to prove the possession of that skill. Flagg goes on to say that the â€Å"test scores box people into a set of definitions based on gross generalizations, which make them about as effective and applicable as horoscopes.† The Myers-Briggs personality assessment is a self-report test that was purposely designed to â€Å"box† a person into a defined category. Based on the answers to questions a person is labeled as either: introvert or extrovert, sensing or intuition, thinking or feeling, and judging or perceiving. Many large companies today offer this assessment to their employees in order to achieve a more efficient and successful work environment. While these tests are an effective way to gain answers, the truth is that the best way to learn about someone is to get to know them. References Cherry, K. (n.d.). What is a self report inventory. Retrieved 9/27/14 from http://psychology.about.com/od/psychologicaltesting/f/self-report-inventory.htm Flagg, D. (2010). The problem with personality tests. Retrieved 9/27/14 from http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/office-diaries/201007/the-problem-personality-tests Hockenbury, D. H., Hockenbury, S. E. (2014). Discovering Psychology (6th ed.). New York, NY: Worth Publishing

sports psychology Essay example -- essays research papers

Sports is by far one of the fastest growing past times in the United States (Rainer 1987). Even if people don't take it to the professional level, sporting events are happening in our backyards, and at all of our local schools around the country. With the growing popularity and the increasing competitiveness of the sports, it will take more than just a physical advantage to compete at the highest level. This is where the psychology of sports comes into play. Goal setting is a hugely powerful technique that can yield strong returns in all areas of an athlete’s life. At its simplest level the process of setting goals and targets allows people to choose where they want to go in life. By knowing what a person wants to achieve, they know what they have to concentrate on, and what is merely a distraction. Goal setting gives long-term vision, and short-term motivation. By setting goals the athlete can achieve more, improve performance, improve the quality of the training, increase the motivation to achieve, increase pride and satisfaction in their performance, and improve their self-confidence (Bull, 1983).Research (Bull, 1983) has shown that people who use goal-setting effectively suffer less from stress and anxiety, concentrate better, show more self-confidence, perform better, and are happier with their performance. The way in which an athlete sets his goals strongly affects their effectiveness. Before setting goals, the athlete should have set the background of goal setting by understanding their commitment to sports, understanding the level they want to reach within the sport, knowing the skills that will have to be acquired and the levels of performance that will be needed, and know where this will fit into their overall life goals. The following broad guidelines apply to setting effective goals. Positive statements, be precise, set priorities, write goals down to avoid confusion and give them more force, and keep operational goals small (Rainer, 1987). "Your body is a beautifully evolved sporting machine, comprising, among other things, muscles that can be trained to a peak of fitness and nerves that control the muscles" (Morris 1992). The nerves are massively linked in an athlete’s brain: vast numbers of nerve cells are linked with a hugely greater number of interconnections. Many of th... ...in negative thinking (Bull 1983). The athlete needs mental energy to be able to concentrate their attention and maintain good mental attitudes. If the athlete is concentrating effectively then the athlete can conserve physical energy by maintaining good technique when their muscles are tired. The athlete can waste mental energy on worry, stress, fretting over distractions, and negative thinking. Over a long competition, these not only damage enjoyment, but also drain energy so that performance suffers. It is therefore important to avoid these by good use of sports psychology, and by resting effectively between events and by ensuring that the athlete sleep properly. Sports psychology is a relatively new idea and just now it is becoming more of a normal thing rather than something only pro athletes do. The study of the mind and how it relates to sports is a beneficial thing that even our own school uses to help improve performance. Over the last two years our Varsity and JV boys basketball team has used a sports psychologist from Boulder two or three times during the year. Sports psychology is no longer looked down upon, it is now a legitimate practice.

Idea/Expression Dichotomy

INTRODUCTION There is hardly a single principle of copyright law that is more basic or more often repeated than the so-called idea-expression dichotomy. The doctrine is followed dutifully as an unquestioned principle in hundreds of cases: the â€Å"ideas† that are the fruit of an author's labours go into the public domain, while only the author's particular expression remains the author's to control. This principle, sometimes described as having constitutional origins, was developed by the common law, and has now been incorporated into the copyright act itself.Copyright confers on the owner the right to make copies of their work whilst prohibiting others to do the same. The Copyright system gives the owners exclusive rights with regard to the exploitation of their works. However, the copyright doctrine does contain limits on copyright holders’ rights designed largely to mitigate copyright’s burden on creative appropriation. According to Barrett (2008), â€Å"Cop yright gives rights only in the author’s particular means of expressing ideas and facts, never in ideas and facts themselves†.Thus copyright does not protect the ideas but the manner in which they are expressed. Although this statement can be made seemingly without effort and with great ease, its application is not an easy undertaking and thus requires much effort. This is so because copyright law does not provide a clear distinction between the unprotected idea and the protected expression. For many years, the courts and indeed Intellectual Property Law practitioners put in enormous effort to establish and therefore draw a clear distinction between an idea and an expression but to no avail.Copyright law has till present failed to establish a clear demarcation between the boundary of an idea and that of an expression. As Justice Brenman said â€Å"this distinction between protected expression and unprotected ideas is at the essence of copyright. † This was compou nded and highlighted in Sheldon v Metrogoldwyn Pictures by Judge Learned Hands when he conceded that the line between idea and expression â€Å"wherever it is drawn, will seem arbitrary†.Courts consider this idea/expression dichotomy to be the central axiom of copyright law to use when determining what is protected in infringement cases. IDEAS What is an Idea? The answer to this question is central to the attempt to draw a distinction between idea and expression and hence the subsequent resolution to the idea/expression dichotomy. As observed by Lord Hailshaw in LB (Plastics) Ltd v Swish Products Ltd, the distinction depends on what one means by ‘ideas’. Ideas, procedures, principles, discoveries, and devices are all specifically excluded from copyright protection.As stated in the Copyright Act: In no case does copyright protection for an original work of authorship extend to any idea, procedure, process, system, method of operation, concept, principle, or discov ery, regardless of the form in which it is described, explained, illustrated, or embodied in such work. This specific exclusion helps maintain the distinction between copyright protection and patent law. Ideas and inventions are the subject matter for patents, while the expression of ideas is governed by copyright law.If copyright were extended to protect ideas, principles and devices, then it would be possible to circumvent the rigorous prerequisites of patent law and secure protection for an invention merely by describing the invention in a copyrightable work. With respect to the statement by Per Lloyd in Michael Baigent ; Richard Leigh v The Random House Group Ltd (The Da Vinci Code case), Ideas lie on the left side of the line between idea and expression, and therefore are not protected by copyright.Copyright infringement cannot result from copying an idea. The reasons why copyright law does not protect ideas is that; if the first person to produce a work based on an idea has a monopoly over it, the spread of knowledge and invention and innovation would be greatly impeded. This reason is shared by Fishman (2011) who states that, â€Å"if authors are allowed to obtain a monopoly over the ideas, the copyright law could end up discouraging new authorship and the progress knowledge – the two goal copyright is intended to foster†.The Copyright doctrine assures the authors the right to their original expression, but encourages others to build freely upon the ideas and information conveyed by a work. According to Barrett (2008), â€Å"the law must ensure that the basic building blocks of expression (ideas, facts ; elements that are standard or routine in connection with a given kind of work) remain in the public dormain free from copyright owners control, in order to ensure a continuing flow of new authorship in future†.The courts have in several cases highlighted that copyright right law does not assure authors protection in ideas. In Michae l Baigent v The Random House Group Ltd where an allegation had been made that the novel Da Vinci Code infringed the copyright in the work entitled the Holy Blood and The Holy Grail (HBHG), Mummery LJ said â€Å"Original expression includes not only the language in which the work is composed but also the original selection, arrangement and compilation of the raw research material.It does not however, extend to the clothing information, facts, ideas, theories and themes with exclusive property rights, so as to enable the claimants to monopolise historical material. Theories propounded, general arguments deployed or general hypotheses suggested or general themes written about†. The foregoing statement points that the subsistence may extend to the way in which facts, ideas and theories are expressed by the author but this does not mean that facts and ideas are themselves the subject matter of copyright protection (Bainbridge, 2010).EXPRESSIONS Mummery LJ in Michael Baigent v The Random House Group Ltd describes an expression as follows, â€Å"Original expression includes not only the language in which the work is composed but also the original selection, arrangement and compilation of the raw research material†. Expression constitutes the part of work that is protectable under copyright under copyright law. Article 2 of the WIPO Copyright Treaty provides that â€Å"Copyright protection extends to expressions and not to ideas, procedures, methods of operation or mathematical concepts as such†.Copyright laws were enacted to encourage originality by regulating creative expression. The subject matter of copyright protection is ‘original works of authorship fixed in any tangible medium of expression’ (Dratler, 2006). Copyright gives authors rights in particular means of expressing ideas and facts, never in ideas and facts themselves. According to Netane (2008), copyright law prevents others from copying only the copyright holderâ€℠¢s particular â€Å"expression†, not ideas that are expressed.In the case of University of London Press Ltd v University Tutorial Press Ltd, Peterson J stated that â€Å"Copyright Acts are not concerned with the originality of ideas, but with the expression of thought, and in case of a ‘literary work’, with the expression of thought in print or writing†. This was also highlighted in two other cases; Feist Publication, Inc v Rural Telephone, and Michael Baigent v The Random House Group Ltd. In the former case, it was held that copyright infringement may lie only in the copying copyrightable expression.In the latter case, it was held that copyright subsistence may extend to the way in which ideas, facts and theories are expressed by the author. IDEA/EXPRESSION MERGE DOCTRINE It is clearly stated that copyright law grants rights in the author’s expression of ideas, and that protection will be given as long as the expression of the same ideas are distin ct. However, there are times when there is one way, or only a few, to adequately express a particular idea. Ideas pretty much dictate the form of expression as highlighted in Landsburg v Serabble Crossword Game Player.This results in the idea and its expression being considered to be one. According to Fishman (2011),† In such cases, the idea and its particular expression are deemed to merge and the expression-the author’s words- is either treated as if it were in the public dormain or given very little copyright protection†. The effect of this is that protection may be lesser than when idea and expression are not merged. This is demonstrated in Kenrick v Lawrence were effective protection was denied to a drawing showing a hand holding a pen and marking a ballot paper.The intention of the person commissioning the drawing was that it could be used to show persons with poor literacy skills how to vote. It was held that a similar drawing did not infringe because it wa s inevitable that any person who attempted to produce a drawing to show people how to vote would create a similar drawing (Bainbridge, 2010). SUBSTANTIAL TAKING Section 2 of The Copyright and Performance Rights Act 1994 provides that substantial part includes any part of the work which on its own can be identified as part of the work of someone who is familiar with the work.Therefore substantial taking is the copying of the substantial part of a given work. However, it is difficult to determine what a substantial part is as no standard measure exists Plastics Ltd v Swish Products Ltd. The courts determine substantial by reference to the quality of what was taken and not the quantity. This was also highlighted in Ladbroke (Football) Ltd v William Hill (Football) Ltd where it was held that substantial must be decided by its quality rather than quantity, and that the significance of the part taken is a matter of fact and degree.This means that even a very small part of work can be subs tantial if it is the most valuable or memorable piece in the work. The principle of substantial taking displaces the earlier notion that ‘any’ copying of a protected work will automatically translate to infringement. The principle of substantial taking stipulates that copyright infringement will only result from the copying of the substantial part of a protected expression not the unprotected idea. Therefore, the determination of infringement depends on the quality of the work portion used in relation to the copyrighted expression as a whole.In the Harper v Row it was held that the determination of substantiality should not only the proportion taken but also on the â€Å"the qualitative importance of the quoted passages of the original expression† (Alces, 1994). CONCLUSION Ideas are building blocks of expression. An Idea is anything that when absent will result in no formulation of any work. Ideas are like ‘materials’ used in the construction of what results in copyrighted works. Expression refers to the unique and distinct manner in which unprotected ideas are presented.Expressions are ideas organised in a particular way, the organisation of which requires the use of skill, labour and judgement. It is such an expression that is protectable under copyright law. Richard (1990) postulates that, two important dichotomies lie at the foundation of copyright: (1) the subject matter of writing versus protectable expression of that subject matter, and (2) unprotectible versus protectable expression. The idea/expression dichotomy does not clearly articulate either of these distinction under the guise of its baseless distinction between ideas and their expression.The dichotomy further complicates infringement cases by relying upon a notion of â€Å"abstracting† ideas from expressions. Only the basic copyright requirements for original works of authorship and the infringement of such works must be considered. For the proper axiom o f protectability is not that expressions of ideas are protectable while ideas themselves are not, but merely that original and creative expressions alone are protectable. Though an expression is protected, copying it does not automatically result in infringement.Substantial taking is what ultimately determines whether or not copyright has been infringed. The protection of an expression hence rests on the quality of the portion of the expression copied. Infringement will only result from the copying of the substantial part of a protected expression not the unprotected idea. REFERENCES 1. Fishman S (2011), The Copyright Handbook: What every writer needs to know, 11th edition, NOLO 2. Bainbridge D. L (2010), Intellectual Property, 8th edition, Pitman London. 3. Barrett M (2008), The Emmanuel Law outlines series: Intellectual Property, 2nd edition, Aspen Publishers 4.Netane N. W (2008), Copyright Paradox, Oxford University Press 5. Dratler J (2006), Intellectual Property Law: Commercial , Creative, ; Industrial Property, Volume 13, Library of Congress 6. WIPO Copyright Treaty (WCT), adopted in Geneva on December 20, 1996. 7. Alces P. A (1994), Commercial Law of Intellectual Property, Aspen Publishers 8. Richard H. J (1990): The Myth of Idea/Expression Dichotomy in Copyright: Pace Law Review: Vol. 10. No. 3. 9. http://www. edwardsamuels. com/copyright/beyond/articles/ideapt1-20. htm

Tim Hortons Case Analysis For Operation Management

Background: (Executive summary): Tim Hortons one of North Americas largest coffee and fresh baked goods chains. Today, Tim Hortons has more than 2,200 stores across Canada and a steadily growing base of 160 locations in key markets within the United States. Our project is focus on the Inventory management of Tim Hortons which located in Bay Shore, 2970 Carling Ave. Inventory Management is the practice of planning, directing and controlling inventory so that it contributes to the business profitability. Inventory management can help business be more profitable by lowering their cost of goods sold and/or by increasing sales. Tim Hortons franchise restaurants deal with three suppliers. The first supplier is the Main Company. It†¦show more content†¦Method Interview with Mister Abuqasem, Owner of Tim Hortons branch that is located in Bay Shore, 2970 Carling Ave, Ottawa Mr. Abuqasem is owner of fore brunches of Tim Hortons. He has extensive experience in Operation Management, and new business development. Abuqasem has had a longstanding association with Tim Horton. He first worked for the company from 1985-1990 as Vice President of Tim Hortons. He was responsible for establishing the sales, marketing and distribution services of Tim Horton s products in the Canada. The logic behind this Method (interview) The main goal of this Interview is to examine and observe real-life project in industry and gather information/data from experienced perspectives as well as gain a realistic understanding of business operation and Inventory management at Tim Hortons. By having face-to-face communication with the owner, we were able to carry out our analysis and observations effectively because the owner was available to answer questions and also provide further insight about his firm. Since the owner is the one that knows his company firm best and had all the necessary information and details of operations, he was invaluable in to us we got most of our data/information from him. Finding: As student-consultants, we paid regular visit to the Tim Hortons branch (at Baseline/Carling) and we studied theShow MoreRelatedKrispy Kreme1663 Words   |  7 Pagesopportunities. It started as a small bakery in Winston Salem, North Carolina on July 13, 1937; and has evolved into a publicly traded firm boasting 395 retail stores and over three million dollars in sales (second quarter 2010). This was not always the case however, by the end of 2004, the economy began to slow. This caused businesses in competition with Krispy Kreme to flood their market hindering plans that Krispy Kreme had of expansion. Eventually they would have to scale back due to declining salesRead MoreAthlete Warehouse Management Case Study2259 Words   |  10 PagesMall in 1985. For the first two years that the business was in operation, Cohn supplemented his personal income by This case was prepared by Bill Howse of The Central Newfoundland Regional College for the Atlantic Entrepreneurial Institute as a basis for classroom discussion, and is not meant to illustrate either effective or ineffective management Copyright 0 1993, the Atlantic Entrepreneurial Institute. Reproduction of this case is allowed without permission for educational purposes, but allRead MoreAssignment on Starbucks3208 Words   |  13 Pagesoperating margin of 11.4%. In 2010 the revenue of Starbucks is $ 10.71 billion. Starbucks Headquarters Seattle Starbucks has grown from a single coffee shop in Seattle 40 years ago to a $6.38 billion worth of an international company. Its operations include upwards of 13,567 coffee shops and kiosks in the United States and Canada, more than 100 in the United Kingdom, and rest of them are in other countries, including China, Japan, Kuwait, Lebanon, New Zealand, Malaysia, the Philippines, SingaporeRead MoreStarbucks Case Study - ORGANIZATIONAL STRATEGY4978 Words   |  20 Pagesorganizational strategy plays in a businesses’ operations. Starbucks achieved worldwide success by implementing organizational strategies that are aligned with their organizational goals and mission. This report evaluates all the components required in organizational strategy. The Five Forces Industry and SWOT Analysis discovers Starbucks’ competitive position in the coffee industry. Starbucks’ competitive advantage will be determined after completing a competitive analysis of their top competitors. With anRead MoreKrispy Kreme Financial Analysis2485 Words   |  10 PagesFinancial Analysis: Krispy Kreme Doughnuts, Inc. operates as a branded retailer and wholesaler of doughnuts and coffee. It engages in the ownership and franchising of Krispy Kreme doughnut stores, which make and sell approximately 20 varieties of doughnuts. These stores also offer a wide variety of coffees and other beverages. As of January 31, 2010, there were 224 Krispy Kreme stores operated domestically in 37 U.S. states and in the District of Columbia and 358 shops in other countries internationallyRead MoreEssay CPs strategy2459 Words   |  10 Pagesï » ¿The other teams mostly follow the structure of the midterm, individual case study and the strategy in the news. They all include at least 1 slide of financial analysis They provided 3~5 alternatives, analyzed them and recommend over the analysis Key factors for competitive success (both internal factors and external factors):   1 new CEO Harrison, the former CEO of CN, since June 2012 has a strong track record of â€Å"service reliability, efficient asset utilization and strategic capital expenditure†3Read MoreStarbucks Strategy2815 Words   |  12 PagesSTARBUCKS: AN INTERNATIONAL PRODUCT BRANDING ANALYSIS An internationally recognized brand with over 16,800 locations worldwide and is valued at $5.23 Billion as of 2005 (source: cafemakers.com/brand_recognition.html) Prepared by Florence L [Fashion Marketing Critic] LOVE COFFEE. Starbucks started its journey back in 1971, and has since grown to serve millions of sociable coffee-goers from around the world. With more than 16,800 locations across the globe as of 2009, Starbucks is still the dominantRead MoreA Crack in the Mug: Can Starbucks Mend It?3165 Words   |  13 Pagesphenomenal expansion, which is also the only way that a company must be passed. The report draws attention to both of the company’s internal control and external environmental changes. Further analyzed company’s current situation by SWOT analysis and Market Mix analysis. Also, the report make a conclusion of 3 other strong competitor of Starbucks’, from a view of special ability and distribution channel using similarity and difference comparison method. The report also evaluates Starbucks’ differentRead MorePanera Bread Case Study Essay4502 Words   |  19 Pagesï » ¿ Case Study of the Panera Bread Company Lawrence Technological University Author Note This paper was prepared by Bruce S. Silver for Marketing Management 6013, taught by David Gregorich, MBA, Ed.D. Abstract The purpose of this paper is to study the Panera Bread Company, and do a case analysis based upon the reading’s from the book Marketing Management: Knowledge And Skills, Eleventh Edition by Donnelly, and Peter (2013), and The 5 C’s and Strategic Marketing BasicsRead MoreFive Guys5261 Words   |  22 PagesCOVER PAGE Group 5 Strategic Management Final Project Report - Five Guys Table of Content Five Guys’ Strategy Analysis - Final Report Industry: Casual-fast restaurant in Canada Company: Five Guys Contact: Michael Oppedisano, from Asst. Controller at Bantam Restaurants Part 1: Organizational Introduction Five Guys has been a Washington, DC favorite since 1986 when Jerry and Janie Murrell offered sage advice to the four young Murrell brothers: â€Å"Start a business or go to college.† The business